1.阅读理解

"Going wireless is the future for just about everything!" That is a quote from scientist Sreekanth Chalasani, and we can't help but agree. Realizing this, a team of scientists has made a breakthrough toward wirelessly controlling human cells using sound, in a technique called "sonogenetics (声遗传学)." This concept may seem strange but let us explain.

Basically, the term "sonogenetics" means using ultrasound (超声波) to change the behavior of cells in a non-invasive manner. "We already know that ultrasound is safe, and that it can go through bone, muscle and other tissues, making it the ultimate tool for controlling cells deep in the body," says Chalasani.

Low-frequency ultrasound waves can target a particular protein that is sensitive to the signal. This research, published in Nature Communications, focused on TRPA

1. When this protein is stimulated through the ultrasound waves, it also stimulates the cells which carry it. What type of cell is being stimulated depends on the outcome. For example, a muscle cell may contract with stimulation, or a neuron (神经元) in the brain will fire. In this experiment, scientists genetically marked cells with an increased concentration of TRPA1, making them the key targets of the ultrasound waves.

Currently, treating conditions like Parkinson's disease requires scientists to implant electrodes (电极) in the brain which stimulate certain disordered cells. Researchers hope that sonogenetics can one day replace these invasive treatments.

In the future, the team wants to adjust the placement and amount of TRPAI around the body using the gene treatment. Gene delivery techniques have already been shown to be successful in humans, such as in treating blindness. Therefore, it's just a case of adjusting this theory to a different sound-based setting.

"Gene delivery techniques already exist for getting a new gene—such as TRPA1—into the human heart," Chalasani says. "If we can then use an external ultrasound device to activate those cells, that could really change pacemakers." There is still a while to go before this treatment can become a reality. The future for sonogenetics, though, looks bright.

(1) What's working principle for sonogenetics? A. Using medicine interventional therapies. B. Changing cells' shape with new equipment. C. Controlling cells in a non-invasive manner. D. Using a kind of unique medical composition.
(2) What did the scientists do in the experiment? A. Change the concentration of the protein. B. Find target cells for treatment precisely. C. Analyze the protein sensitive to the sign. D. Choose the type of cell to be stimulated.
(3)  What can we learn about sonogenetics from Paragraphs 4 and 5? A. It can be applied to other fields besides medicine. B. It may replace some traditional medical therapies. C. It will totally transform gene delivery techniques. D. It has succeeded in curing diseases like blindness.
(4) What's the best title for the text? A. Can cells be controlled by sound? B. How is sonogenetics clinically used? C. Are gene delivery techniques available? D. What are applications of sonogenetics?
【考点】
推理判断题; 细节理解题; 说明文; 科普类; 标题选择;
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1. 阅读理解

Nowadays, the world is slowly becoming a high-tech society and we are now surrounded by technology. Facebook and Twitter are innovative tools; text messaging is still a somewhat existing phenomenon and even e-mail is only a flashing spot on the screen when compared with our long history of snail mail. Now we adopt these tools to the point of essentialness, and only rarely consider how we are more fundamentally affected by them. 

Social media, texting and e-mail all make it much easier to communicate, gather and pass information. But they also present some dangers. By removing any real human engagement, they enable us to develop our abnormal self-love without the risk of disapproval or criticism theatrical metaphor (隐喻), these new forms of communication provide a stage on which we create our own characters, hidden behind a fourth wall of tweets, status updates and texts. This unreal state of unconcern can become addictive as we separate ourselves a safe distance from the cruelty of our fleshly lives, where we are imperfect, powerless and insignificant. In essence, we have been provided not only the means to be more free, but also to become new, to create and protect a more perfect self to the world. As we become more reliant on these tools, they become more a part of our daily routine and so we become more restricted in this fantasy. 

So it is that we live in a cold era, where names and faces represent two different levels of closeness, where working relationships occur only through the magic of email and where love can start or end by text message. An environment such as this reduces interpersonal relationships to mere digital exchanges. 

Would a celebrity have been so daring to do something dishonorable if he had had to do it in person? Doubtful. It seems he might have been lost in a fantasy world that ultimately convinced himself into believing the digital self could obey different rules and regulations, as if he could continually push the limits of what's acceptable without facing the consequences of "real life." 

(1) The author compares e-mail with snail mail to show ____.  A. the influence of high-tech on our life B. the history of different types of mails C. the value of traditional communications D. the rapid development of social media
(2) What can we know about new communication tools?  A. Destroying our life totally. B. Posing more dangers than good. C. Helping us to hide our faults. D. Replacing traditional letters.
(3) What is the potential threat caused by the novel communication tools?  A. Sheltering us from virtual life. B. Removing face-to-face interaction. C. Leading to false mental perception. D. Making us rely more on hi-tech media.
(4) What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?  A. Technologies have changed our relationships. B. The digital world is a recipe for pushing limits. C. Love can be better conveyed by text message. D. The digital self need not take responsibility.
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2. 阅读理解

"Hello. You are you and I am I. We are people, also known as humans. This makes us different from most of the things on Earth." This fairly straightforward observation is the opening spread of Like, written by Annie Barrows. It establishes a somewhat odd yet matter-of-fact tone with a young boy addressing the reader.

Matters get more quizzical-or philosophical (哲学意义的), if you prefer—on the following spread, which carefully thinks about the ways in which people are different from one specific thing on Earth, "We are not at all like tin cans. We are not shaped like tin cans. We cannot hold tomato sauce like tin cans. If you open up our lids, nothing good happens. We are not at all like tin cans." The target audience will no doubt be amused, as was I, and perhaps reassured.

Like next matches people with the swimming pools, "We are a little bit more like a swimming pool than a tin can. We have water and chemicals and dirt inside us. But unlike a swimming pool we don't have people splashing around inside us." Mushrooms, we learn, differ from tin cans and swimming pools by being alive, and by growing and reproducing-human traits, too! Mushrooms, however, don't have mouths and brains. But wait: Hyenas have all that. They run around really fast, like we do... But hyenas don't say words. They don't tell stories. They don't get embarrassed, even when they're caught eating something off the ground.

Where to go from there? "Look at all these people, the text exclaims over the illustration full of people of seemingly every size, shape, color, age and means of mobility. They are not exactly like us. But they are more like us than they are different."

"I am more like you than I am like most of the things on Earth, the narrator concludes. I'm glad. I'd rather be like you than a mushroom-an appealing and inarguable understanding."

(1) What does the underlined word "quizzical" mean in the second paragraph? A. Definite. B. Consistent. C. Unusual. D. Ambiguous.
(2) According to the passage, which of the following is most like humans? A. Hyenas. B. Tin cans. C. Mushrooms. D. Swimming pools.
(3) How is the writer's idea mainly developed in the passage? A. By describing in details. B. By making comparisons. C. By analyzing causes and effects. D. By presenting problems and solutions.
(4) Where is the text most probably taken from? A. An animal encyclopedia. B. A story entry. C. A philosophical textbook. D. A book review.
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3.阅读理解

The iPhone has become a usability nightmare (噩梦). A new one comes with 38 preinstalled (提前装好的) apps, of which you can delete 27. Once you've downloaded your favorite apps, you're now sitting at 46 or more.

Like many companies, Apple has decided that there's no need to build an easy-to-use product when it can use artificial intelligence. If you want to find something in their garbage dump of apps and options, you must use Spotlight, Apple's AI-powered search engine that can find almost everything there.

This "innovation" of artificial intelligence is not the creation of something new but simply companies selling you back basic usability after decades of messy design choices. And these tech firms are charging us more to fix their mistakes and slapping an AI label as a solution.

Alexa and Siri have become replacements for intentional computing. They give commands into voice interfaces (接口) easily but sacrifice "what we can do" to "what Amazon or Apple allows us to do." We have been trained to keep apps and files, while tech companies have failed to provide any easy way to organize them. They have decided that disorganized chaos is fine as long as they can provide an automated search product to sift (筛查) through the mess, something more tech, even if tech created the problem in the first place.

Artificial intelligence-based user interfaces rob the user of choice and empower tech giants to control their decision-making. When one searches for something in Siri or Alexa, Apple and Amazon control the results. Google already provides vastly different search results based on your location, and has redesigned search itself multiple times to trick users into clicking links that benefit Google in some way.

Depressingly, our future is becoming one where we must choose between asking an artificial intelligence for help, or fighting through an ever-increasing amount of poorly designed menus in the hope we might be able to help ourselves. We, as consumers, should demand more from the companies that have turned our digital lives into trillion-dollar enterprises.

(1) Why does the author mention Apple's problem? A. As the main topic. B. As the model. C. As an example. D. As a sharp contrast.
(2) What can we know about Alexa and Siri? A. They are both Apple's search products. B. They help consumers make their own choices. C. They have bettered the user experience greatly. D. They work to the benefits of tech giants behind.
(3) What's the author's attitude towards the technological giants' AI-solution? A. Uncertain. B. Disapproving. C. Unclear. D. Unconcerned.
(4) The author writes this article to ask readers to _________. A. abandon using artificial intelligence B. abandon using products from tech giants C. recognize the nature of AI-based solution D. recognize the nature of poorly designed apps
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