1.
【材料阅读】利用整式的乘法运算法则推导得出:
![](https://math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ea%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Eb%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ec%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Ed%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3Cmo%3E%3D%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Ea%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ec%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ea%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ed%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Eb%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ec%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Eb%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ed%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
. 我们知道因式分解是与整式乘法方向相反的变形,利用这种关系可得
![](https://math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ea%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ec%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ea%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ed%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Eb%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ec%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Eb%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ed%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%3D%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ea%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Eb%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ec%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Ed%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
. 通过观察可把
![](https://math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ea%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ec%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ea%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ed%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Eb%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ec%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Eb%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ed%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
看作以
![](https://math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
为未知数,
![](https://math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ea%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%E3%80%81%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Eb%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%E3%80%81%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Ec%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%E3%80%81%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmi%3Ed%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
为常数的二次三项式,此种因式分解是把二次三项式的二次项系数
![](https://math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ea%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ec%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
与常数项
![](https://math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Eb%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmi%3Ed%3C%2Fmi%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
分别进行适当的分解来凑一次项的系数,分解过程可形象地表述为“竖乘得首、尾,叉乘凑中项”,如图1,这种分解因式的方法称为十字相乘法.例如,将二次三项式
![](https://math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E11%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E12%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
的二次项系数2与常数项12分别进行适当的分解,如图2,则
![](https://math.21cnjy.com/MathMLToImage?mml=%3Cmath+xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1998%2FMath%2FMathML%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmsup%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmsup%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E11%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E12%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmo%3E%3D%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E4%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3Cmfenced+close%3D%22%29%22+open%3D%22%28%22%3E%3Cmrow%3E%3Cmn%3E2%3C%2Fmn%3E%3Cmi%3Ex%3C%2Fmi%3E%3Cmo%3E%2B%3C%2Fmo%3E%3Cmn%3E3%3C%2Fmn%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmfenced%3E%3C%2Fmrow%3E%3C%2Fmath%3E)
.
![](http://tikupic.21cnjy.com/ct20241o/bb/0d/bb0d67351afd4f273671a143333db153.png)
根据阅读材料解决下列问题:
【应用新知】
(1)用十字相乘法分解因式:
;
(2)用十字相乘法分解因式:
;
【拓展提升】
(3)结合本题知识,分解因式:
.