1.阅读下列短文,从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 四个选项中,选出最佳选项。

In 2008, Michael Goodfellow, a scientist at Newcastle University, was handed a soil sample taken from Chile's Atacama Desert—the world's driest desert, once considered a dead zone. "Quite frankly, we didn't expect to isolate(使分离)anything, " Goodfellow admits. But to his surprise, he was able to grow a diversity of bacteria from the sample.

A 2018 review counted a total of 46 new molecules(分子)that have been isolated from the Atacama bacteria so far, many of which show antibiotic(抗菌的), antiviral or anticancer properties(特征). It was the type of bacteria living in the Atacama that proved particularly exciting: actinobacteria(放线菌).

Take streptomyces griseus for example, a species of actinobacteria you might find in soil. A sample of streptomyces, when placed among mycobacterium tuberculosis( 结核杆菌), will release a chemical which stops its bacterial neighbors from growing the proteins they need to survive. When scientists at Rutgers University managed to isolate this chemical in 1944, they accidentally found the first antibiotic treatment for tuberculosis, saving countless lives.

Today, there is general agreement on the need for the development of new antibiotics because our most trusted drugs began to fail—bacteria have learnt how to survive our antibiotic attacks. Sometimes, a potentially useful chemical can be found right in environments around us. But many scientists argue that we should also be exploring the natural world for novel bio-chemistry, an approach known as "bioprospecting".

"70% to 75% of all antibiotics come from nature, " notes MarcelJaspars, a natural product chemist

at the University of Aberdeen. "It strikes me that we should be looking more deeply into how nature makes these molecules and how we can actually find antibiotics. "

(1) What did Goodfellow think of the sample at first? A. It was man-made. B. It was lifeless. C. It was of great value. D. It was of doubtful origin.
(2) Why does the author mention scientists' achievement in 1944? A. To compare two species of actinobacteria. B. To explain the major cause of tuberculosis. C. To explain the purpose of antibiotic treatments. D. To show the potential of the Atacama actinobacteria.
(3) Which of the following best describes Jaspars' attitude to "bioprospecting"? A. Doubtful. B. Tolerant. C. Supportive. D. Conservative.
(4) What does the passage mainly talk about? A. Antibiotics are bound to fail. B. The desert soil could save lives. C. Effective treatments come from nature. D. Fun facts are listed about the Atacama Desert.
【考点】
主旨大意; 推理判断题; 科普环保类; 说明文;
【答案】

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阅读理解 常考题 普通
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1. 阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

Like many of the Indigenous (土著的) communities across the Australian continent, he remote communities in north-west New South W ales are struggling. Many of the 300 or 50 residents rely on welfare. Higher electricity bills—up to $3,000 a quarter for some households—further worsen the poverty. They' re always at the end of the power line, so the service that is there is quite extraordinary in terms of cost. It' s a real problem that needs to be fixed. 

To that end, Anderson and other Indigenous leaders have formed the First Nations Renewable Energy Alliance (FREA) to push for renewable energy in Indigenous communities. They partner with private enterprise to support Indigenous communities looking to switch to renewable energy. 

" We can build a power station where the community exists," Anderson says, " so people are able to successfully live in the environment the way they want to live and have access to power which enables them to better determine their economic future. " 

Only a handful of Indigenous communities have set up renewable energy projects in Australia. The Indigenous -owned and -operated company AllGrid Energy, for instance, has installed solar panels and battery storage systems to replace diesel (柴 油) generators n the communities of Ngurrara and Kurnturlpara in the Northern Territory' s Barkly Tableland. Within two months of the system being installed in May 2016, people were moving back to their homelands, the communities growing from just two permanent residents to about 40. 

But FREA will go one step further, working with community leaders and acting as a conduit (纽带) between the communities and the businesses they are dealing with. This is essential, says Anderson, to avoid predatory (吞并) practices they have seen in the past, with companies " playing on the psychology of poverty" to gain advantage. The FREA has drafted terms of agreements that will guide how companies engage with Indigenous communities for renewable energy projects. 

One of the next steps for FREA will be to identify a community that can act as a test case for a renewables project. " Our experience is that if we can make it work for one community, it will work in every other community," Anderson says. 

(1) What is FREA expected to do for the remote Indigenous communities? A. Increase power supply to them. B. Help them return to their homelands. C. Shake them off poverty. D. Reduce their higher power costs.
(2) What does the author indicate by mentioning AllGrid Energy? A. Renewables projects are inaccessible. B. Renewables projects are quite workable. C. Renewables projects can increase locals'  income.

D Renewables projects can coexist with diesel power plants. 

(3) What' s paragraph 5 mainly about concerning FREA? A. Its strategies to win over the businesses. B. Its cooperation with community leaders. C. Its potential conflict with energy companies. D. Its innovation in directing renewables projects.
(4) What' s FREA going to do next? A. Consult the experts. B. Select a piloting community. C. Collect sufficient construction fund. D. Make renewables projects available to all.
阅读理解 未知 困难
2.阅读理解

The year is 1763, and a 7-year-old Mozart is about to set off on a tour around Europe that will jump-start the Mozart legend. Mozart had a trick up his sleeve. When the young Mozart heard a note played-any note-he could immediately identify exactly which note it was. It was an ability now we know as "perfect pitch", and it seemed to be an example of the mysterious gifts that young geniuses had been born with. But is that really so?

Over my years of studying experts in various fields, like Mozart, I have found that there's no such thing as a predefined ability. Actually, those people all develop their abilities through "deliberate practice", a purposeful and systematic type of practice that makes it possible for them to do things they otherwise could not. In them, potential is an expandable vessel, shaped by the various things they do throughout their lives.

One of my testimonies came from Ray Allen, a ten-time All-Star in the NBA. Allen's jump shot was not noticeably better than his teammates' back in high school; in fact, it was poor. But with hard work and dedication, he transformed his jump shot into one so graceful and natural that people assumed he was born with it.

But it doesn't mean "Just keep working at it, and you'll get there". Heartfelt desire and hard work alone will not lead to improved performance. The right sort of practice carried out over a sufficient period of time will lead to improvement. Nothing else. And this is true whether our goal is to become a concert pianist or just play the piano well enough to amuse ourselves, to be the greatest three-point shooter or just build ourselves up. Deliberate practice is the gold standard for anyone in any field who wishes to build new skills and abilities.

(1) Why is Mozart's perfect pitch mentioned in paragraph 1? A. To introduce an inborn talent. B. To explain reasons for success C. To lead to reflection on gifts. D. To define a brilliant trick.
(2) Which is the most important in making an expert according to the writer? A. Affection. B. Experience. C. Training. D. Gifts.
(3) What does the underlined word "testimonies" mean in paragraph 3? A. Challenges. B. Proofs. C. Comments. D. Puzzles.
(4) Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. Secret of Great Talents B. Bom to Stand Out C. A Surprising Discovery D. Start When Young
阅读理解 未知 普通
3.阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项 (A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。

When Amanda Lemay heard the story about a baker and her husband who were traveling around the United States in a van (厢式货车), learning from expert bakers, she wanted to do something similar. So she got rid of most of her possessions and made an old ambulance with her dad into a lovely home on wheels.

Lemay's ambulance is actually a former emergency response vehicle for the US Navy, built on a 2006 Ford E350 Cutaway. Renovations (改装) were done by her and her dad. Now the dark blue vehicle has a lot of built-in cabinets on all sides, offering a lot of storage space, while the rooftop has 400-watts of solar power panels and a small roof deck where Lemay practices Yoga. The inside is tastefully done to suit Lemay's work and hobbies.

As Lemay mentions, not only did her father help, but also the rest of her family. Lemay's mother helped sew the decorations on the removable cushions, and her sister crafted the leather pulls. It was truly a family affair.

Her current nomadic (流浪式的) lifestyle fits well with her work doing audiobooks, voiceovers ,and publishing work. In the end, this unexpected path has Lemay rethinking what it means to be truly sustainable, now that van life has gotten her to become minutely aware of the water, electricity, and other daily resources that she uses. But all these day-to-day concerns are balanced with a greater sense of freedom.

"It's almost mind-blowing, it feels like a completely different life because I'm doing the work online, and I can do things on my own schedule. Most of my days are mine— so by living in the van, I can be where I want to be, and do the things I want to do, and spend time outside.

(1) Why is the story of a baker and her husband mentioned in paragraph 1? A. It shows a creative way of learning. B. It was spoken highly of by expert bakers. C. It's an example of strong determination. D. It's where Amanda Lemay got her inspiration
(2) Why was the renovation a family affair? A. All family members contributed to it. B. Its cost was shared by family members. C. It was made to suit the life of the family. D. The whole family gathered to celebrate it.
(3) What has Lemay learned from her nomadic lifestyle? A. To value every minute of her life. B. To make the best of what she has. C. To keep a balance between work and life. D. To be aware of the real meaning of family.
(4) What does Lemay like about living in a van? A. Reflecting on life. B. Forgetting all about work. C. Living at her own pace. D. Being free from day- to-day concerns.
阅读理解 常考题 普通