1. 阅读理解

My plan to learn to play the cello (大提琴) was a health y choice. So I took the next innocent step of going to a shop that sells and rents string instruments, especially violins, violas, and cellos. The place was a hole-in-the-wall, up a steep flight of stairs. Instruments left a narrow path to the counter where a woman with grey hair and warm eyes greeted me. Since I couldn't form a question about what I wanted, I just stood there exploring the scene, which felt immensely pleasurable.

I rented a cello, a bow, and a case to hold them. What attracted me to the cello was its enormous size and its soft, smooth, and memorable sounds. It's an instrument made of beautifully polished wood that I could wrap my arms around and feel its powerful vibrations when the strings were played. That was a good starting point for me. The only problem was that I didn't know how to play it.

There's a popular belief that the cello is a particularly difficult instrument to learn. Another is theadmonition, "Don't bother if you are a beginner over age 10!" Well, I was 70, and what others thought no longer influenced me. And besides, I thought of the words of Dr. Cohen, who suggested that learning causes physical changes in the brain.

So I found a teacher who had respect for older adult beginners and I practiced diligently, daily for years, and sometimes disheartened, but I kept up. I'm happy to report that now, more than a decade later, I can hold my own in a string trio and two quartets (two violins, a viola, and me, the female cello)and even a senior community band. Of course, I'll never sound like Yo-Yo Ma but you could recognize a Mozart piece if you heard me play it. And, more importantly, I don't need to please anyone but myself.

Whether it's a pleasurable pastime or a new career, the starting point is the same: wonder, curiosity, determination, and the desire to keep your brain sharp.

(1) How did the writer feel in the shop? A. Amused by the shop assistant. B. Anxious for a live performance. C. Pleased at the nice music atmosphere. D. Curious about where to find a teacher.
(2) What does the underlined word "admonition" in paragraph 3 mean? A. Approval. B. Criticism. C. Puzzlement. D. Warning.
(3) Why does the writer mention Dr. Cohen in paragraph 3? A. To recommend a reliable doctor. B. To provide proof for common belief. C. To add another reason for her decision. D. To stress the crucial function of the brain.
(4) Which of the following can best convey the writer's idea? A. Art is man's second nature. B. One is never too old to learn. C. Education is the key to success. D. Happiness is the best form of health.
【考点】
推理判断题; 词义猜测题; 细节理解题; 日常生活类; 故事阅读类; 社会现象类; 学习教育类; 议论文;
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1.阅读理解

Researchers from China and the United States have found what makes ginkgo (银杏) trees live for more than 1, 000 years, according to a newspaper report. Researchers from Beijing Forestry University, the University of North Texas and some other Chinese research institutions reported in the U. S. magazine Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences that they analyzed 34 ginkgo trees and divided them into three groups according to their ages. Compared with adult trees, the ancient trees, aging from 193 to 667 years, have thinner cambium (形成层) cell layers(细胞层). Cambium cells are layers of stem cells between the inside wood and outside bark changing into other tissue.

The old trees have a higher level of IAA, a plant growth regulator and growth-stimulating hormone, and a lower level of ABA, a growth-resisting hormone. However, the average cross-sectional area of trees at breast height in the ancient trees group has been increasing with aging, which shows the continuous cambial cells division.

Little difference was found when it comes to their ability to photosynthesize(光合作用), grow leaves, grow seeds or resist disease compared to younger trees, showing that the ancient trees group are actually in a healthy and mature state.

Lin Jinxing of Beijing Forestry University and an author of the study said that trees usually die from outside stress like pests. They found disease resistance-associated genes kept high expression in old trees, along with genes associated with the synthesis(合成) of protective compounds, showing that the old trees do not lose their ability to defend against outside stressors. The researchers concluded that the longevity(寿命)of ginkgo trees is a balance between the growing and aging processes, rather than being regulated by a single gene.

(1) What are special about cambium cell layers of ancient trees? A. They are old enough. B. They are a little thinner. C. They exist in the internal wood. D. They can change into other tissues.
(2) What will happen if a tree has a high level of ABA? A. It will stop growing. B. It will have more tissues. C. It will grow slowly. D. It will die soon.
(3) Compared with young trees, ancient ginkgo trees_________. A. don't have a lot of leaves B. are not in a healthy state at all C. don't have a strong ability to fight against disease D. don't have much difference in growing seeds
(4) What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. The outside factors of most trees' death. B. The reason for ginkgo trees' long life. C. The trees' ability to defend against stressors. D. The relation between genes and trees 'life.
阅读理解 模拟题 普通
2.阅读理解

A fallacy is an error in reasoning based on opinion, misunderstanding, or intentional misdirection that makes an argument invalid. Common causation (因果关系) fallacies include those of oversimplification and exaggeration, which occur when actual causes of an event are reduced to the point where connections between causes and effects are blurred or buried. 

Oversimplification is common, which means reducing multiple causes to just one or a few. Well-intentioned writers and speakers can fall into the trap of oversimplification if not careful. 

One motivation for simplification is the basic advice given to writers: Don't get stuck in details. In the process, however, a writer can leave out too many details, even critical information. Another contributing factor to oversimplification is the overuse of an important tool in critical thinking called Oceam's Razor, a principle that states that the simplest explanation that fits the data is the preferable one. The problem is that the simplest explanation might not always be the right-one. 

A writer creating an argument can assume that based on Occam's Razor, the simplest explanation is likely true, but they must not assume that is always the case. They must look at all angles and complexities of an issue before settling on the simplest explanation. 

Here is an example of oversimplification:

School violence has gone up and academic performance has gone down since video games featuring violence were introduced. Therefore, video games with violence should be banned, resulting in school improvement.

This argument exhibits oversimplification because it assumes problems in schools (increasing violence, decreasing academic performance can be attributed to a single cause: the time young people spend playing video games that feature violence). Various other factors, including social and economic conditions that may contribute to a child's mental health, are ignored. 

Related to the fallacy of oversimplification is the fallacy of exaggeration-multiplying a couple of causes into many.

(1) What does paragraph 3 mainly focus on? A. The causes of oversimplification. B. The impact of oversimplification. C. The definition of oversimplification. D. The characteristics of oversimplification.
(2) How do writers commit oversimplification when creating an argument based on Occam's-Razor? A. They consider an issue to be complicated. B. They look at an issue from different angles. C. They believe the simplest explanation is likely true. D. They have absolute trust in the simplest explanation.
(3) Which of the following statements is an example of oversimplification? A. The nation's lack of moral standards is caused by multiple factors. B. The latest currency policy takes full blame for the declining economy. C. She was saved because of the seal belt as well as doctors' timely saving. D. The problem of education not just lies in teachers' failure of doing their jobs.
(4) What might the author discuss in the paragraphs that follow? A. Ways to avoid oversimplification. B. More examples of oversimplification. C. Causes and examples of exaggeration. D. The distinction between exaggeration and oversimplification.
阅读理解 未知 普通
3.阅读理解

The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there's a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia (失智症) in later life and is they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.

Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said: "These findings are exciting because it's possible that improving people's cardiovascular (心血管的) fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia."

For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak (最大值的) cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts. A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher.

A total of 92 women were in the medium fitness category: and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other cardiovascular problems.

These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness

"However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important" She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden so the results might not be applicable to other groups.

(1) What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph? A. Positive effects of doing exercises. B. Exercises suitable for the middle-used C. Experimental studies on diseases. D. Advantages of sporty woman over man.
(2) Why did the researchers ask the woman to do bicycle exercise? A. To predict their maximum heart rate. B. To assess their cardiovascular capacity C. To change their habits of working out. D. To detect their potential health problems
(3) What do we know about Dr. Horder's study? A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia. B. Data collection was a lengthy process C. Some participants withdrew from it D. The results were far from satisfactory.
(4) Which of the following is the best title for the text? A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia. D. Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness
阅读理解 真题 普通