For eight-year-old Toby. who is deaf, watching films or TV can sometimes be a bit pointless, because so many of them don't have sign language versions. "We have subtitles but it goes too fast," his dad Jarod Mills said. But now, Toby has some help thanks to an app developed by a 17-year-old student, Mariella Satow, who created a signing app called SignUp.

She got the idea when she was teaching herself American Sign Language (ASL）—one of hundreds of sign languages used across the world. Mariella wanted to watch TV shows to help her learn, and she was disappointed to discover how few had signed versions. It's taken a year for Mariella to develop the technology, with lots of help from ASL teachers and the deaf community.

The app is available in the US as a browser extension—with an interpreter appearing in a box once the film starts playing. It only works on Disney Plus films at the moment, because that's where Mariella thought she could help the most children. Jarod, who works at a school for deaf children, says it was "exciting" watching Toby use Mariella's invention. He says, "Kids are getting information like any hearing child does."

Deaf people in the UK face many of the same barriers when it comes to cinema and TV. "A hearing person can go to the cinema any time whereas deaf people have to make sure there's a suitable viewing a time we're free," says 27-vear-old Stacey Worboys from Cardiff. She has learned British Sign Language (BSL) , and is comfortable using subtitles when watching TV shows and films. But she feels having an interpreter would make things "more inclusive", especially for someone who might struggle with subtitles. Stacey and Toby aren't the only people to be welcoming Mariella's app. It's now got thousands of users.

Stacey says a UK version of an app like SignUp would make films and TV "more accessible" for the deaf community. Mariella is up for the challenge—and hopes to make a British Sign Language version of her app for other streaming platforms such as Netflix and Amazon Prime. "There are more than 300 sign languages used worldwide, so it'll take a lone time to get all of those versions out," she says.

In this issue, we offer up a small taste of a vast and attractive culinary(烹饪的) region—from classic dishes and treasured institutions to pioneering chefs and new directions. Here is what some of the contributors want to say to you.

Patrick Hanlon

Although there is a lot of seaweed around Ireland's coast, it wasn't always liked. However, it's now becoming increasingly popular as a key part in traditional Irish food. The dish I enjoyed while looking out over the Atlantic in Connemara perfectly showed how popular seaweed has become lately. CONNEMARA, P8

Mike Jordan

I'm a true Southerner: born in Nashville, raised in Huntsville, Alabama, and now based in Atlanta.I loved talking to brilliant Southern chefs like Mashama Bailey and Rodney Scott, who represent the region's incredible diversity and unique culture, and tell new stories through their cuisine.SOUTHERN STATES, P48

Sian Meades Williams

When I visited Santorini to find out more about vinsanto, the local dessert wine, it was the powerful women winemakers that really impressed me. They're working hard to make real change in the industry, and their love for the island, its produce and their community runs through everything they do. SANTORINI, P66

Cecilia Hae-Jin Lee

The culinary history of any country is full of depth and surprises. Sharing the story of bibimbap reveals only a small part of the beautiful and troubled history of my home country of Korea, with its rolling countryside, dramatic mountains and weather-beaten fishing boats. BIBIMBAP, P76

The Amazon rainforest, is as undisturbed a place as most people can imagine, but even there, the effects of a changing climate are playing out. Now, research suggests that many of the region's most sensitive bird species are starting to evolve in response to warming.

Birds are often considered sentinel（哨兵）species-meaning that they indicate the overall health of an ecosystem-so scientists are particularly interested in how they're responding to climate change. In general, the news has not been good. For instance, a 2019 report by the National Audubon Society found that more than two-thirds of North America's bird species will be in danger of extinction by 2100 if warming trends continue on their current course.

For the new study, researchers collected the biggest dataset so far on the Amazon's resident birds, representing 77 non-migratory species and lasting the 40 years from 1979 to 2019. During the study period, the average temperature in the region rose, while the amount of rainfall declined, making for a hotter, dryer climate overall. According to the report on November 12 in the journal Science Advances, 36 species have lost substantial weight, as much as 2 percent of their body weight per decade since 1980. Meanwhile, all the species showed some decrease in average body mass, while a third grew longer wings.

Because of the study's long time series and large sample sizes, the authors were able to show the morphological（形态学的）effects of climate change on resident birds. However, the researchers themselves are unsure and wonder what advantage the wing length changes give the birds, but suppose smaller birds may have an easier time keeping cool. In general, smaller animals have a larger rate of surface area to body size, so they dissipate more heat faster than a bigger animal. Less available food, such as fruit or insects, in dryer weather might lead to smaller body size.