Many things happen when people are ageing. Apart from the greying hair and wrinkled skin, there is a(n) 1 change which comes with older age. When humans reach their later years, they favour more long-term 2 and their social cirele is reduced.

Now, for what appears to be the first time, scientists have seen the same 3 in another species. Twenty years of observations of chimpanzees (猩猩) reveal that older males choose to keep contact with their 4 friends at the expense of other relationships.

The researchers studied 78,000 hours of observations made between 1996 and 2016 that followed the social 5 of 21 male chimpanzees between the ages of 15 and 58 years old. They classified the chimps' 6 depending on the amount of time they sat with others and groomed (梳毛) them. They then rated (分类) the various pairings as mutual (相互的) friendships, where both chimps seemed to enjoy the relationship;  7 friendships, where one chimp was more keen to be friends than the other; and non-friendships, where neither chimp showed 8 the other.

When the scientists looked at the 9 of friendships, they found that the older chimps had more mutual friendships and fewer one-sided friendships than younger chimps. Another 10 seen in older humans was also spotted in the chimps. As the males got older, their levels of 11 gradually become less, meaning they started fewer fights and tended to threaten others in their group less often.

The observations have left the researchers 12. According to an idea in psychology known as socio-emotional selectivity theory, older humans prefer more 13 relationships because they are aware that time is running out. However many animal experts argue that chimpanzees 14 the human sense of mortality (死亡) , suggesting something else is driving the behaviour.

Robin Dunbar, a professor of evolutionary psychology at the University of Oxford, said in humans, the 15 social circles with age is due to declining social motivation to get out and meet people combined by lack of opportunity. In chimpanzees, as older males compete less for mates, they may focus on close, reciprocal (互惠的) relationships with trusted partners, he said.

    Making choices is hard. That would be why researcher Moran Cerf has 1it from his life. As a rule, he always chooses the second menu item at a restaurant.

    This is2by his research in neuroeconomics(神经经济学) (a somewhat new, divisive field) at Northwestern University. As Business Insider describes, Cerf has extended his ideas--which draw on some controversial ideas in psychology, including ego depletion out--into a piece of advice that, to 3 happiness, people should "build a life that requires 4 decisions by surrounding themselves with people who possess traits they prefer.

    On an instinctive level, Cerf's idea 5: Many choices people make are the product of social pressures and the inputs of 6 people around them. One example Cerf furnishes is that, 7 consistently ordering the second menu item, he never picks where to eat. Rather, he 8 his decision to his dining partner--which friend he plans to eat with, probably one he trusts--and always lets them pick.

    While it's 9 what, if any, scientific principles underlie those pieces of advice, there is no shortage of research showing that choices can sometimes feel more 10 than liberating. An example from Quanta poits (假设) : If you have a clear love of Snickers(士力架), choosing that over an Almond Joy(杏仁巧克力) or a Milky Way(牛奶巧克力) should be a 11. And, as an experiment conducted by neuroscientist Paul Glimcher at NYU shows, most of the time it is, 12 you introduce more choices. When the participants were offered three candy bars (Snickers, Milky Way, and Almond Joy) they had no problem picking their favorite, but when they were given the option of one among 20, including Snickers, they would sometimes drift away from their 13. When the choices were taken away in later trials, the participants would wonder what caused them to make such a bad decision.

    As Quanta details, according to a model called "divisive normalization(分裂归一化), which has gained some popularity, the way the brain encodes choices has a lot to do with how it values all its options. So, if you have two things that are clearly 14, brain areas involved in decision-making fire in a pattern that makes the decision clear. When the choices are comparable, the brain does its best to focus on the distinctions between the two, but more choices 15 that ability out.

Canadian smartphone maker Research In Motion (RIM), which makes the BlackBerry, says it's back. The company is 1to reclaim a market it once dominated by 2two new devices. The last few years have been a painful time for the company as customers deserted its platform in 3of newer and more 4devices. This may be the company's last chance to 5a vital player in an increasingly crowded marketplace.

Two brand new devices are perhaps a fresh 6for a company that has seen its global market share 7from 20 percent three years ago to just over 3 percent today.

For BlackBerry CEO Thorsten Heins, it's another chance to remake a faded 8. "We have 9been on a journey of transformation, not only a journey to transform our business and our brand, 10one that I truly 11 transforms mobile communications into true mobile computing, " he said.

The company promises the same 12 level of network security the BlackBerry is known for, 13a fast new browser and a more intuitive operating system. The Z10 14much like the touch-screen phones popularized by its competitors (竞争者), but the Q10 maintains the "qwerty" keyboard that has become BlackBerry's trademark.

Besides the technical and cosmetic (外观上的) updates, Heins says the company will no longer be called RIM or Research In Motion.

"Our customers use a BlackBerry, our15work for BlackBerry and our shareholders are owners of BlackBerry. From today on, we are BlackBerry 16in the world, " he said.

Shareholders will be watching if customers 17the new devices. The company's stock has dropped as much as 90 percent in the last four years as it lost 18to competitors. But company shares have doubled in the last four months as anticipation (预期) 19for the new models.

Analysts say the new devices could make or 20a company, which many people praise for starting the technological revolution in smart-phones.