1. 阅读理解

The world may have a new supercontinent within 200 million to 300 million years as the Pacific Ocean shrinks and closes.

Researchers at Curtin University in Australia and Peking University in China used a supercomputer to model the evolution of Earth's tectonic plates (地质构造板块) and the formation of a future supercontinent. Their findings were published in the journal National science Review.

"Over the past two billion years, Earth's continents have collided (相撞) together to form a supercontinent every 600 million years, known as the supercontinent cycle. This means that current continents are due to come together again in a couple of hundred million years' time," said lead author Dr. Chuan Huang, a research fellow in Curtin's Earth Dynamics Research Group and the School of Earth and Planetary Sciences.

The team's simulation showed that due to the fact that Earth has been cooling for billions of years since its formation, the thickness and strength of the tectonic plates beneath the oceans have reduced over time. As a result, the formation of a new supercontinent is more likely to happen by the closing up of the Pacific Ocean. Reducing by a few centimeters per year, the Pacific Ocean's current reach of 10,000 kilometers will close up in less than 300 million years.

"The resulting new supercontinent has already been named Amasia because some believe that the Pacific Ocean will close when America collides with Asia. Australia is also expected to play a role in this important Earth event, first colliding with Asia and then connecting America and Asia once the Pacific Ocean closes," Huang said.

Changes in the distribution of continents and oceans will cause changes in climates, "particularly when ocean currents are stopped by continental collision, or new ocean currents are formed when continents break apart," said study coauthor Zheng-Xiang Li, distinguished professor in Curtin's School of Earth and Planetary Sciences. "Earth, as we know, will be completely different when Amasia forms. The sea level is expected to be lower, and the vast interior (内陆) of the supercontinent will be very dry with high daily temperature ranges."

Researchers expect more earthquakes as the continental plates collide. Surrounded by a new super ocean, the newly formed supercontinent will also have decreased biodiversity.

Scientists are still trying to understand Earth's supercontinent cycle, which is driven by heat and gravity. The research team wants to establish how Earth's tectonic plates started and when the first continents formed, as well as what kicked off the supercontinent cycle."We are only starting to look at the entire Earth system, from its core to its atmosphere, as a closely linked system that evolved together,"Li said.

(1)  What leads to the formation of the new supercontinent? A. The rising temperature of the Earth. B. The expansion of the Pacific Ocean. C. The reduced strength of the tectonic plates. D. The appearance of many new tectonic plates.
(2)  What is believed by some scientists about the new supercontinent? A. The involving parts. B. Its climate pattern. C. The way it breaks apart. D. Its distance from Australia.
(3)  What will probably happen to the newly formed supercontinent? A. There will be a rise in the sea level. B. There will be lots of water in its interior. C. The variety of its living things will be reduced. D. Its temperature will stay the same all year around.
(4)  What does the last paragraph mainly want to show? A. The entire Earth system faces an uncertain future. B. The origin of the supercontinent cycle is hard to trace. C. The Earth's supercontinent cycle will pose a big threat. D. There is more to discover about the supercontinent cycle.
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推理判断题; 细节理解题; 说明文; 科普类;
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1. 阅读理解

We've all done it before-dropped a box of unwanted household belongings at a flea market and driven off with a sense of accomplishment. But have you ever stopped to think about where those items actually go?

Business journalist Adam Minter began considering this while cleaning out his late mother's home. Seeking reassurance that his mother's donated items would be put to good use rather than destroyed, he started a journey worldwide that resulted in his latest book, "Secondhand: Travels in the New Global Garage Sale". He found the industry significantly in the dark, with a disturbing lack of data on secondhand goods, despite their crucial role in clothing, furnishing and educating people worldwide. 

In this book, Minter fully reveals himself as an investigative journalist. He doesn't shy away from the commonly-accepted assumptions about the global trade in used goods. First, Minter questions the idea that shipments of secondhand clothes from developed countries to Africa have destroyed local textile industries (纺织业). That's overly simplistic, he says. He further explains that multiple factors, such as declining cotton production in local areas and economic liberation, have influenced the situation. 

Minter then explores the topic of car seats, making a statement that recycling car seats, instead of selling them secondhand, is wasteful and might compromise (危害) safety for children in developing countries. It is disturbing to say so in a society that prioritizes child safety and highlights zero risk, but when you consider the excessive caution that might endanger children's lives elsewhere, the situation starts to look different. 

Minter calls it "waste colonialism," this idea that developed countries can apply their own safety standards onto the markets of developing countries-and it's deeply wrong. Why label an used car seat or an old TV as unsafe if someone else, with different skills, is perfectly capable of repairing it and willing to use it, especially if they lack access to new products and other options?

The book explores the huge problems of handling surplus (剩余的) items and how producers discourage repairs and promote the sales of new products. Minter calls for initiatives to enhance product repairability and increase product lifetime. 

(1)  Why does Minter set out on a journey worldwide? A. To remember his late mother. B. To explore where used items end up. C. To collect data for fashion industries. D. To advocate recycling of used goods.
(2)  In Minter's opinion the common idea about secondhand clothes trade in Africa is ____. A. groundless B. one-sided C. conventional D. self-contradictory
(3)  Which action taken by developed countries might Minter describe as "waste colonialism"? A. Selling old TV sets to developing countries. B. Denying access to used car seats domestically. C. Banning used goods export to developing countries. D. Prioritizing safety in new goods for developing countries.
(4)  What does Minter encourage producers to do in his book? A. Handle used items efficiently. B. Promote sales of new products. C. Make more sustainable products. D. Take the initiative to boost production.
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2. 阅读理解

Saving Us: A Climate Scientist's Case for Hope and Healing in a Divided World is one of the most important books about climate change to have been written. Hayhoe is a gifted public speaker and Saving Us is a follow-up to her awesome TED talk in 2018, "The most important thing you can do to fight climate change: talk about it."

One of the many refreshing aspects of this book is that Hayhoe recounts both her successes and her failures to communicate, through which she has gathered evidence about what works and what does not. Much of the book's advice is common sense, all backed up not just by Hayhoe's experience but also with convincing research by psychologists and social scientists.

Hayhoe advises against trying to engage with a small minority, the "Dismissives", who "angrily reject the idea that human-caused climate change is a threat; they are most receptive to misinformation and conspiracy theories (阴谋论)". There is a warning that offering up more facts about climate change can actually increase polarisation (两极化) among them.

The book includes amusing examples of her encounters with the "Dismissives", almost entirely older men—including an engineer who was unconvinced about the evidence but with whom she was able to establish mutual (相互的) respect through a shared passion for knitting (打毛线衣) —and is packed with inspiring accounts of how she has won over even the most suspicious of crowds. Her motto is "bond, connect and inspire", which represents her approach of always looking for points of commonality.

She also tells of a man who approached her after an event in London in 2019. He had been so inspired by her TED talk that he had started to speak to everybody he could in his neighborhood of Wandsworth. He showed her details of 12, 000 conversations that had taken place as a result, claiming that they had helped to convince the government to declare a climate emergency and to switch investments from fossil fuels to renewable energy. 

And so, while it may feel difficult to influence the outcome of the COP26, Hayhoe's uplifting book makes a persuasive case that we can all do our bit to bring about success just by talking about the issue.

(1) What does the book mainly focus on? A. Promoting people's insight into climate change. B. Introducing presentation skills with TED talks. C. Developing critical thinking through literature. D. Sharing communication tips on climate change.
(2) Which of the following best describes the advice in the book? A. Humorous but one-sided. B. Novel and interesting. C. Well-based and workable. D. Serious and hard to follow.
(3) How did Hayhoe win over the "Dismissives"? A. By changing their political identity. B. By challenging their fundamental beliefs. C. By seeking common ground built on a shared interest. D. By providing more facts about climate change.
(4) What does the author intend to say by telling the story in paragraph 5? A. The shift to clean energy is unstoppable. B. Conversations can influence climate decision-making. C. Policymakers turn a blind eye to market changes. D. We should call on people to prepare for the climate crisis.
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3. 阅读理解

The rhino census (犀牛普查) is out, bearing good news for the greater one-horned rhinos! In September, 2022, the International Rhino Foundation (IRF) documented in a report that there is a baby boom in this population, representing an increase of 167 percent.

According to the report, there are a total of 4,014 greater one-homed rhinos living m India, Nepal, and Bhutan. Although this is positive news, their IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) status still remains vulnerable.

In India alone, the home to 70 percent of the world's greater one-homed rhinos, there was an increase of 274 rhinos since the last bi-annual census, according to the organization Rhino Review.

An important reason for this baby boom is the fact that Assam, India, has enlarged Kaziringo National Park, home to the world's largest one-homed rhino population. The park went from 430 square kilometers to 1,040 square kilometers. This gives more breeding areas for the things, and they are closed to visitors during breeding season.

India and Nepal are also protecting the rhinos by enforcing wildlife crime laws. To reduce rhino death by poaching (偷猎), the IRF donates vehicles and equipment, plus education including guard training and crime investigation.

The IRF data for other rhino species is not as promising, although the greater one-horned rhino numbers are encouraging for future conservation. According to the report, there is a decline in Sumatran rhinos, Africa's white rhinos, while the Javan rhino population is stable and threatened by loss of habitat.

The State of the Rhino report offers hope for these other species. Given that the greater one-horned things were once close to extinction, with fewer than 100 living in the world, their recovery is incredible. This demonstrates that there are solutions when organizations and people work together. It is hoped that this successful rhino baby boom will affect other endangered wildlife species around the globe.

(1) What contributes to the baby boom of one-homed rhinos in Assam, India? A. Extending the protected areas for rhinos. B. Raising fund to set up more reserves for rhinos. C. Leaving the one-homed rhinos alone in the wild. D. Keeping visitors away from the Kaziringo National Park.
(2) IRF helps protect the one-homed rhinos mainly by        . A. Cooperating with other organizations.    B. Enhancing anti-poaching efforts. C. Transferring the rhinos to other habitats. D. Guarding the rhinos with new equipment.
(3) What can we learn from the rhino report? A. Rhinos are no longer a vulnerable species. B. Rhinos will affect other wildlife in the world. C. Everyone can play a role in protecting nature. D. It is possible to protect other endangered species.
(4) What is the purpose of this text? A. To inform good news on the greater one-horned rhinos. B. To show the measures of the greater one-homed rhinos. C. To introduce an endangered species-the greater one-homed rhinos. D. To indicate the decline of other species of rhino population.
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